Jessica Dirr: The Most Outstanding Law Student Essay

Different people have different callings in life. Some shine above their peers, while others just try to blend in and mix with others. The different challenges that this university give its students provide numerous opportunities to excel in their chosen fields. This academic institute, hones the talents and the knowledge that students have helping them shine and be recognized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every year, our organization nominates the graduate who has exemplified high academic achievement, and the most positive impact in leading the organization. For this year, our organization has nominated Ms. Jessica Dirr as the most outstanding Law student. She was hand-picked for this award because of the extraordinary contributions   and the exemplary performance that she made both in her co-curricular and extra-curricular activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jessica is a very determined and hard working student. Her commitment to the school is astounding. She completed more than half of the program on her first year, while working on a part time basis. Jessica was even selected as the graduate reasearch assistant of Mr. Jimmi Manning, the over-all project director of Critical Ethnography. This is one of those unique courses that requires a screening process before being allowed to enroll.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even as a student, she still managed to be actively involved with professional organizations. She is the Social Chair of the Graduate Student Organization, while still being an active member and alumnae of the Theta Phi Alpha.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even if Law took up most of her time, Jessica still managed to demonstrate a high level of involvement on the different organizations, both on campus and in the community. Being the Social Chair of the Graduate Student Organization, she planned and executed social events for a program which aided in the development of close relationships among the people involved. Since she was an active member of the Theta Phi Alpha, she assisted and helped in the recruitment of the members for her chapter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jessica’s involvement in different fundraisers provided excellent leadership for her sisters. She is well respected, and is often the person her sisters run to for support and assistance regarding the problems of the chapter and of their personal lives. Recently, she teamed up with another graduate in planning a large scale fundraising event, called Dancing with the Scholars. This event has been generating tons of discussions among NKU students. It was predicted that this event will be watched out by the students, and will be one of the most successful events of the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jessica Dirr also represented our school in different regional and national conferences. She and her classmates responded to a topic through a debate regarding research, practice, and pedagogy. Their topic was â€Å"Graduate Call to Action: Re-Invigorating Communication through debate regarding research, practice and pedagogy.† They answered the topic as fluent and as confident as they can. In May, she will represent our school again as she attends and presents at the CSCA Conference. Her presentation will be about interdisciplinarity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With everything that has been mentioned, we believe that Jessica Dirr is the perfect recipient of this year’s Most Outstanding Law Student Award. Her accomplishments, both as an individual and as a student of this university, are very much impressive and should be recognized. The numerous contributions that she has made have paved way for the betterment of this university and of its students. She is an extraordinary individual who students can look up to, and a esteemed person who students admire with dignity.

My Personal Philosophy of Early Childhood Education

Belief Statement The home and the early childhood education center happen to be the most important places for the socialization of the child.   As a matter fact, both the home and the early childhood education center are responsible for developing the child – a complete individual.   The child represents the future of my nation and the world at large.   What I want children to be is therefore identical to my vision of an ideal society.   As an early childhood educator, I want to provide the best possible education for my students so they would create the ideal society we all have collectively envisioned. Philosophical Statement All students are capable of learning.   Even so, every child is an individual with learning needs that differ from the needs of his or her peers.   As an early childhood educator it is important to me to teach children with respect to their developmental stage.   At the same time, however, I do not overlook the fact that some of my students could be slower than the rest, while a few may even be gifted.   Nonetheless I would like all my students to get to love learning as much as I do.   For this reason I believe that educators must continue to conduct research on the art and science of teaching, and develop themselves so as to help their students learn as effectively as possible. I further believe that hands-on learning in early childhood education centers is crucial to the development of children.   Human beings learn by doing.   All the same, certain children seem to need more time to reflect on the activities that are assigned in the classroom.   I do not discourage individuality in the classroom, even as I realize that hands-on activities help most students with their social and linguistic skills. In my classroom there are 28 students and the room is not big enough to accommodate center areas.   However, we have made adjustments.   Centers are done at their tables.   Every day, each table does a new center.   (I create 5 per week).   I also have other activities for my students, such as white boards, phonics puzzles, ABC's on cookie sheets, and activities that are exclusively available in dishpans that we refer to as buckets.   When students are done with assigned activities, they get a bucket and find a spot on the floor.   It seems to be working well, as they are learning. I additionally trust the fact that young students need to learn by watching.   I model for my students before we can practice together, after which they complete the activities on their own.   It amazes me how quickly most children are able to learn by watching.   Moreover, it empowers me as an early childhood educator seeing as I am able to influence their thinking in profound ways.   This is the very reason why ethics play a vital role in early childhood education.   Indeed, the early childhood educator must be careful to teach the young only that which he or she would like to experience in the outside world. Raw minds of little children must be nurtured with great gentleness and care.   I consider this a significant issue to discuss with the parents of my students.   After all, early childhood education cannot be complete without the environment that the child is exposed to outside the classroom.   Thus, I am confident that the advice and support of parents helps to make early childhood education more effective.               

Retail Store Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retail Store Marketing Plan - Assignment Example The report will however specifically focus on the apparel retailing sector. The purpose of this report is to make a promotional plan of an apparel retailing company in UK. The report will shed light on the desired image and store name, the target customers for the new store, and the competitive advantage to be offered by the company. Apart from that, the report will provide several recommendations regarding the layout of the store, its atmosphere, customer service offerings and the promotional techniques to be adopted for the retail outlet. Lastly, the report will also suggest about the most appropriate location strategy. Therefore before getting further deep, the study will provide a brief overview of the global apparel retailing industry. Apparel Retailing Industry: A Brief Overview The apparel retailing industry is one of the fastest growing industries of the world. It consists of ‘childrenswear’, ‘menswear’ and ‘womenswear’. According to the reports, the total revenue of the global apparel retail industry was $1,031.5 billion in the year 2009, which represented a compounded annual growth rate of 3.1%. This report has also emphasized on the fact that majority of the revenue generated was from the sales of womenswear. It nearly constituted $534.4 billion, reflecting a total share of 51.8% of the overall sales. The industry is forecasted to reach a total value of $1,162.8 billion by the end of 2014, reflecting an increase of 12.7% from the year 2009. The major markets of apparel retailing stores are Europe, Asia-pacific and America. Both America and Europe hold 37.3 % of the overall revenue share, while the Asia pacific region embraces 25.5 % revenue share (Datamonitor, 2010). Despite the ongoing financial downturn, the global apparel industry is maintaining a strong growth. The industry is characterized by vast product differentiation, shorter product life cycle, and low switching cost. The bargaining power of consumers of this industry is assessed to be low, while intensity of rivalry among the existing players is moderate. The industry is therefore regarded as fairly attractive (AM Mindpower Solutions, 2010). Moreover, in spite of the consolidation process, the industry is still fragmented and thus provides enough opportunity for the small and new players. The findings also reveal that the retail clothing industry is highly attractive and can provide great opportunities for success to new players. However, for a company to get success, it is also important to design the operation and marketing strategies appropriately. Therefore, prior to getting further deep, the study will describe the business briefly. The study will also shed light on the strategies to be adopted by the company. Description of the Business The company will be involved in the business of manufacturing and marketing of the apparels products. The company will operate through retail outlet, which will be located at the city centr e. The products of the company will be childrenswear, menswear and womenswear. There will be large number of variants in each of the categories. For example, there will be availability of formal clothes, informal clothes, as well as sport clothes. The basic intention of the company is to ensure all the sections of the society are served effectively and it offers wide range of products and service. Another aim of the company is to make sure the prices of the products remain affordable. SECTION II Store Name and Store Image The store name and the image

Interview with the Vampire Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview with the Vampire - Movie Review Example This is one of the main characteristics of vampire protagonist, which is the sense of belongingness. Also, in the light of Louis, he wanted to escape the pain that he has been experiencing for almost a year due to the death of his wife and his child. He wanted to die and wanted someone to end his life for him, which brought him to being a vampire. He is described by Lestat as â€Å"...perfect.... bitter, and ...strong.† The vampire protagonist, i.e. Louis, may be inhumane and may have discarded the morals of a human being, but he still longs to be loved and feel the basic human emotions. Furthermore, vampire protagonists are considered as outlaws; this is exemplified in their act of killing and feeding on human beings. However, Louis, as much as possible wanted to feed on the blood of the animals. As he said during an encounter with Lestat â€Å"we can live on animals. We can live without taking human life.† Also, another difference is that a vampire protagonist may fee l the full human experience, but on the part of Louis, he was not able to succeed on this. He stated that there was â€Å"no passion in me any longer. I am reverent. A spirit with preternatural flesh. It ended when I saw Claudia burnt to ashes in that airwell. My dreams died with Claudia. My faith.† Nonetheless, a vampire protagonist is greatly depicted in the characters of Louis and Claudia because they have felt security and acceptance in their relationship, which are great characteristics of a vampire protagonist (Day

VeraSun Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

VeraSun Energy - Research Paper Example In order to produce biodiesel from dried distillers grains, VeraSun energy has begun some units in Aurora and South Dakota recently. The major biodiesel product of VeraSun energy is E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline for use in Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). E 85 is marketed under the trade name VE 85. The company has around 150 VE85 retail locations fifteen American states. VeraSun energy company holds many â€Å"industry firsts† in its category such as: the first 100 million-gallon-per-year dry-grind production facility, the countrys first branded E85, VE85 ®; the first ethanol producer to form strategic alliances with Ford Motor Company, General Motors, and Enterprise Rent-A-Car to increase awareness and availability of E85, and the first company to place an E85 retail station in the Washington D.C. metro area etc (VeraSun Energy). Even though at the beginning, VeraSun Energy created lot of waves in the energy market, currently it is facing many challenges. In fact it is struggling for survival now. This paper briefly analyses the challenges faced by VeraSun Energy and possible solutions to overcome these challenges. Steil (2008) has mentioned that â€Å"VeraSun Energy has filed for bankruptcy. Its the latest in a series of problems for ethanol producers, whove had to deal with huge swings in corn costs and falling ethanol prices†(Steil). Because of the global recession, the company has faced many challenges in 2008. The demand for its product has come down drastically whereas the prices of the raw materials increased a lot. Corn is the major raw material used by VeraSun Energy to produce bio fuels. The fluctuations in corn prices caused big problems to VeraSun Energy. The company placed bets in heavy amounts on rising prices of corn. But because of the unexpected recession, the corn prices have fallen down and the company faced many challenges. Because of

URBAN GEOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

URBAN GEOGRAPHY - Essay Example This study takes a look at the concept of segregation and its implication in the city of Detroit. By taking a look at the history of segregation in Detroit, the study also tries to understand the segregation patterns and the current day scenario of segregation in the city. As mentioned earlier, geographic segregation or more appropriately, residential segregation is the level or extend to which particular groups reside separately from one another, in a particular geographic area such as a city or state (Low, 2004). Segregation, in itself, is a complex phenomenon, where the groups are segregated in a number of ways. For example, people from a minority community reside in such a way that they are often overrepresented in some particular areas and underrepresented in some others (Yinger, 2001). In addition, the same community may be residing in such a manner that their exposure to the other groups is minimized (Yinger, 2001). Similarly, particular groups may be either concentrated or centralized in a certain limited space or clustered in one particular section (Yinger, 2001). There are also particular reasons because of which segregation takes place. For example, South Africa saw legal separation because of Apartheid. Similarly, in many other countries, segregation happens because of the social status in the society or the ethnicity of the people (Johnston and Poulson, 2005). Voluntary segregation is where immigrants prefer to live in a segregated set up so that they could mutually benefit from one another (Johnston and Poulson, 2005). Segregation is measured using Index of Dissimilarity (calculates the way in which particular groups are distributed across particular locations) based on that data that emerges through census. It is often called the index of inequality also (Reardon and O Sullivan, 2004). In the United States, periodic

E commerce Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E commerce Project - Essay Example SWOT analysis on BinHendi Company SWOT is grouping of the company’s information into internal and external factors. It entails looking into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that has an impact on the company’s operation and productivity. Strengths The main force that affects the business positively lies with their ability to offered unmatched quality, luxury, elegance and their strong and professional business acumen. Many companies and business have always failed in their judgment of the market and the result of this is always a low turn over in the sales as there is lack of demand for the goods and services offered by the targeted audiences(Gulf Business 85).. However, Binhendi Company has been accurate in most of its judgment about the market and the targeted audiences and this has played a crucial role in sustaining them in the highly competitive market. The company has also worked to provide a diverse portfolio of the world prestigious brands of fashion, watches, jewelry, accessories, furniture, and fine dining among others that are rarely provided by other companies. In addition, it has established good strategic associations with their suppliers and their customers and this has greatly contributed to their reputable brand image in both the local and the international market. Weaknesses The expansion of the company has majorly relied on the direct control of its operation. It has based all its operation within one country and this has denied the opportunity to fully exploit the international market. Using Dubai as its center of operation, the company has thus concentrated in the local market as would be the case when they are having major branches in other countries. Thus the international market has been neglected allowing it to be controlled by other rival companies. The company has also concentrated a lot in price elasticity affecting loyal customers who are price oriented (Gulf Business 79). Opportunities The fashion i ndustry is largely populated as different companies and producers are flocking the market with new products and services daily. However, the company has successes in the industry because of its opportunity of employing a highly efficient staff who work round the clock to provide customers purchasing from the company exclusive products that are different from those being provided by other companies. They have also established their operations in the area as they have overwhelming divisions in the area helping in the sales and marketing of their products to the large population in the region and to retailers who make purchases and sells them to other neighboring regions. In addition, their incorporation of various brands in the market like Baituti brand has significantly helped in the expansion of their market in the region especially in Dubai as the new brands and strategies has been enthusiastically been received by their audiences in the market. Lastly, the business enterprise with their dream of creating new dream avenues of marketing their products in shopping malls as these areas are always renowned for the high number people paying visits with different objectives like shopping or conducting businesses in mind (Gulf Business 79). Threats The threat facing the company is the high competition present in the region. This has

Mitt Romney As Potential President of the USA Term Paper

Mitt Romney As Potential President of the USA - Term Paper Example But he also plans to reduce the size of government. In order to generate that many more jobs, his plan will implement five (5) major initiatives, namely (1) Using America’s natural wealth in terms of available energy resources, under his leadership, American expenditure for imported oil will be rechanneled to local suppliers, thereby creating more jobs within the USA. (2) Under the Mitt Romney administration, USA will engage in better trade by obliging China not to cheat by stealing US technology and selling products with US technology at much lower prices. He will also find new markets for American products in order to improve the American Trade Balance. (3) Americans will be given better skills, better education, and re-training to match opportunities and enable the people to find jobs wherein they are qualified. (4) To further balance the budget, government will be trimmed down. This will cost some people their jobs. But as a result of having a better budget, Mitt Romney be lieves the economy will improve and become more attractive to investors. He believes the government should have less debts in order to have a better economy. (5) Government will encourage and support the creation of small businesses by eliminating red tape in government and controlling the taxes to make them less burdensome to entrepreneurs. To Mitt Romney, the current government policies discourage hiring and adds cost, both of which discourage small businesses from being created or from growing. These plans were meant to make the presidential campaign website significant. It tells the people how the present economic troubles of USA – its rising debt, its high unemployment rate, it deficit government budget, and internationally downgraded standing – can be resolved. Under the Obama administration, high unemployment rate continues to haunt America. And it seems the US government is sinking in rising debts with no solution in place after four (4) years of promising chan ge. B. Mitt Romney’s Solutions to Various Issues 1. National Defense (Afghanistan and Iran) In order to ensure the establishment of a more lasting peace, USA must make sure that terrorists are finally reduced to complete defeat and incapable of reviving themselves so as to become a threat to Pakistan and the USA, as well as anywhere in the world. Terrorists must be fully defeated and prevented from being a threat to the national security of Pakistan because Pakistan has nuclear missiles. If those weapons of mass destruction are stolen as a result of a strong organization of terrorists, our world will face a tragic future in the light of weakened international security. Mitt Romney will work closely with the US Military Intelligence and Field Commanders to make sure that the job of ending the terrorist organizations is thoroughly done. Iran, on the other hand, must not be allowed to possess or develop nuclear weapons. Or a nuclear arms race will take place among Middle East co untries. And European countries will certainly be endangered by Iran’s nuclear capability. 2.Health Care Under the Mitt Romney administration, the health care program will be decentralized to be decided upon by the local government of each State. He believes that centralizing health care will only increase the cost of implementing health care because of the central government bureaucracy. 3. Abortion The morale standard of Mitt Romney is higher because he respects the value of life. Under him, no

Intern proposal memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intern proposal memo - Essay Example It is important to analyze such aspects since to access the level of entrepreneur skills among the audience. The sessions will also equip the interns with the necessary entrepreneur skills in addition to the ‘innate skills’ that they possess. Interns will be taken through a rigorous program and equip them with knowledge and skills on subjects such as non-verbal communication, attitude towards foreigners, politics and technology. When the interns possess these knowledge, I can state with a lot of conviction that any abroad travel will be success. In summary the following tasks will be done to ensure that the interns are more than competent before they travel to foreign countries for any responsibility that the company will require them to perform. The schedule of tasks to be incorporated in the Program include communication, technology, politics and attitude towards foreigners. This can be demonstrated by the following chart in terms of percentage of how each task is

Information system Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information system Blog - Essay Example Even though testing and more so the software testing is taken as a difficult profession, I would absolutely cherish the idea of working within its aegis so that my success could be guaranteed with the advent of time. This will make me stand in a league of my own and contribute to my growth and development within the related fields. All over the world, the software testing measures are conducted to find out the software bugs and then to rectify the errors that plague the system in essence. The intention is to bring correction within the software so that the stakeholders do not encounter any mistakes, errors or issues of little or big significance. The software testing regimes have been employed because the software have continued to increase far and wide, both in terms of complexity as well as size. It must be remembered here that quality products do bring up return customers while buggy products mean more disgruntled ones, who would not return at all. Also software testing is done so that the security measures of the software are determined beforehand that it reaches the market and sells massively to the end users. The need is to bring correctness within the related realms and this can only be made sure through rigorous software testing and adherence to the industry standards which are in place. Also test runs would be done to assure of quality and nothing apart from the very same. If I am given the role under a software testing dimension or a mechanism, I would have chosen the position of a Test Manager because he is one individual upon whom the test results have come through after strict testing measures. The Test Analyst has already made his point clear through his testing domains and now is the time to move forward with the management of this software testing which has been carried out. It is correct that software tester is indeed the person who tests at the

Theory of Political Culture and Ideology Essay Example for Free

Theory of Political Culture and Ideology Essay A political culture can be defined as a framework of similar values, beliefs and attitudes shared by people in a certain nation or state. Such ideals and behaviors are normally related to the government and the politics of a country and they tend to develop with time to shape the views of that countrys citizens in regard to the world and their sense of what is right or wrong, just or unjust, possible and impossible (Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir 18). The concept of a political culture is properly explained using four major aspects of a government and politics. These four aspects include; understanding the relationship between a government and the citizens, the government obligations, limits of the governmental authority and understanding peoples rights and responsibilities. The importance of a political culture is to establish a background on which the politics of a nation or a state unfolds. It also sets limits and boundaries which are to be obeyed by all actors involved in a political realm. Every nation has its own political culture. For instance, most Americans believe that there is ultimate importance of individual efforts in achieving personal success and for this reason,they are generally opposed to generous welfare benefits (Clark and Schaffner 567). Ideology refers to the way in which cultures are structured to enable a government to exercise maximum control on its citizens with minimum conflicts. Ideology in simple terms refers to specific attitudes, ideas and beliefs which advocate for a systematic plan aimed at bringing change in the social, political and economic arenas of a country. Examples of political ideologies include anarchism, socialism, statism, libertarianism, fascism, communism, conservatism and communitarianism (Cummings 56). Political ideology is different from political culture in many ways. For instance, traditionalists are not necessarily conservatives the same way liberals are not moralists. The culture of American politics is deeply rooted and it is associated with democracy, constitutionalism and capitalism. In this case, democracy in the U. S is less direct as it is marked by extreme fragmentation of power by the governing body. Constitutionalism is concerned with law and attention to individual rights of its citizens while capitalism spells out the distinction between political and economic issues. The book Habits of the heart written by Robert Bellah et al describes the American culture in terms of its values, belief and expectations as well as strengths and weaknesses in relation to the manifestations to an individual and the community as a whole (pp. 143-145). Most of the values and beliefs which make up the American political culture originate from the Greco-Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Judeo-Christain, Native American, African as well as Asian cultures. The core values of the American culture contained in the American creed include life, liberty, equality and pursuit for happiness. In addition, it includes individualism, unity and diversity of various cultures. Ideals in the American culture originate from past experiences such as those obtained from its former colonist (Britain) as well as material circumstances. According to Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir, the presence of a political ideology in the American politics is very important since its absence is likely to lead to radical pragmatism which is bound to trigger bad decisions and ethics in the policy making of the political culture. The values and beliefs held in the American political culture assist the society in the war against racism and other ethnic differences. It also helps to shape the racial attitudes and facilitates democratic stability in the region. One of the most rampant characteristics of the American culture is consumerism. Consumerism is regarded as the new capitalism and originates from the dialectic of democracy and capitalism. The American societies are preoccupied by the ideals and values associated with consumerism as a result of numerous commodities and products fabricated under the television spectacles. In the past few decades, consumerism has led to the transformation of the American citizens into shoppers who are slowly taking away the state sovereignty from within (Wayne, Mackenzie and OBrien 65). The trends of consumerism are impacting a big blow on the nations democracy affecting the judgment, liberty and overall citizenship. Consumerism leads to a disorder known as citizen schizophrenia which divides the common citizens into opposing groups denying them the legitimate access to what is civic or public. Essay 2: Political Culture of Texas. The politics and the political culture of Texas has been a subject of debate for a long time now and there has been a base line describing it as a conservative type of culture(John 87). The political culture of Texas and its ideology has been well described using three major philosophical streams which include populism, social conservatism and classical liberalism. These three ideals are said to form the foundation of the Texas political culture on which permanent values, beliefs and attitudes are built and allowed to interact with other societal values in a complex way. The ideals have led to what is referred to as a low tax, low services political culture in the state. Although Texas government has undergone some immense growth in the last few decades, the low taxes, low services culture still remains firm in the state (OConnor and Sabato 256). In addition, Texas is known to have a tradition which serves business interests both small and large with a wide latitude in terms of their economic and political ventures. The state also provides subsidies for a variety of its industries ranging from road construction, sports, real estate development, manufacturing industries among others. The state government political culture further promotes oil extraction in those regions which are environmentally sensitive and it has outsourced the services which are related to human health and well being. The government has also started the process of selling the subsoil water rights of land owned by the state to private companies and individuals thus encouraging regional and foreign investments in the state. In an effort to shape its public policy, the state has a culture which permits extensive campaigns of the elected officials and it only imposes few restrictions regarding contacts between the executives in the bureaucracy and private entities. On the other hand, this political culture allows the government to tolerate a wide variety of disparities in the political access between individuals or ordinary citizens and people who are powerful either economically or politically in the state. In comparison to the political culture on the American nation as a whole, Ginsberg, Lowi and Weir argue that the Texas political culture is similar to that of the nation as a whole in that it puts much emphasis on values of democracy, equality and liberty. They however add that these values differ in the way they are expressed and exercised in the political institutions of Texas as opposed to those at national level (pp. 304-349). In addition, the Texan political political culture as classified by Prof. Elazar is moralistic, individualistic and traditionalistic (Patterson 34). In addition, the Texas political culture puts much emphasis on democracy and has been mainly dominated by one democratic party in the past although it is slowly evolving into a two party state. In conclusion it can be said that although the Texas political culture is relatively young as compared to the national political culture it is business focused as it shuns public expenditure on social programs while at the same time leaving room for huge contracts by providing subsidies on industries and permitting sale of state property to private business interests.

Types Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay

Types Of Operating Systems Computer Science Essay An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. In computing. operating system (OS) linked between hardware and user, which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer, that acts as a host for computing applications run on the machine. One of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the resource allocation and access protection of the hardware. This relieves the application programmers from having to manage these details. Explanation At the simplest level, an operating system does two things: It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. In a desktop computer, these resources include such things as the processor, memory, disk space and more (On a cell phone, they include the keypad, the screen, the address book, the phone dialer, the battery and the network connection). It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the details of the hardware. Operating systems offers many services to application programs and usersApplications access these services through application programming interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system with some kind of software user interface like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface. For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user systems such as Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system. Types of Operating Systems As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems. Within the broad family of operating systems, there are generally four types, categorized based on the types of computers they control and the sort of applications they support. The categories are: 1.Real-time operating system (RTOS) Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a sealed box when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time, every time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system is busy. 2. Single-user, single task As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system. 3. Single-user, multi-tasking This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsofts Windows and Apples MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example, its entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of an e-mail message. 4. Multi-user A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computers resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesnt affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating systems, such as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems. Examples of most popular operating systems : Windows XP is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, and media centers. It was released in 2001. The name XP is short for eXPerience.[3] Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was first released on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst.[4] It was succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007. Direct OEM and retail sales of Windows XP ceased on June 30, 2008. Microsoft continued to sell XP through their System Builders (smaller OEMs who sell assembled computers) program until January 31, 2009.[5][6] XP may continue to be available as these sources run through their inventory or by purchasing Windows Vista Ultimate or Business and then downgrading to Windows XP. MS-DOS MS-DOS is an operating system for x86 based personal computers, which was purchased by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s[citation needed] and 1990s. It was preceded by M-DOS (also called MIDAS), designed and copyrighted by Microsoft in 1979. MSDOS was written for the Intel 8086 family of microprocessors, particularly the IBM PC and compatibles. It was gradually replaced on consumer desktop computers by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system. MS-DOS developed out of QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), also known as 86-DOS . Several versions were released under different names for different hardware.[3] MS-DOS had eight major versions released before Microsoft stopped development in 2000. Unix UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the 1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By operating system, we mean the suite of programs which make the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking system for servers, desktops and laptops. UNIX systems also have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to use environment. However, knowledge of UNIX is required for operations which arent covered by a graphical program. The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts; the kernel, the shell and the programs. The kernel of UNIX is the hub of the operating system: it allocates time and memory to programs and handles the filestore and communications in response to system calls. The shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system http://www.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm/printable

CSR For Nestle And MTN

CSR For Nestle And MTN Nestle (a high-income company) and MTN (a low-income company) have different approaches regarding CSR. This report will describe and evaluate those approaches. Introduction This is a brief description of each company highlighting some facts concerning their development. Section one Identifies the different types of stakeholders that the company should consider while mapping its local/global activities. Using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, allocates those stakeholders for both companies, taking into account two things: who has the most/least power in steering the companys decisions and whether or not this stakeholder is interested in CSR initiatives. Two differences have been identified: Nestle: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show much interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations, NGOs and the media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR. MTN: firstly, host governments in developing countries are Dominant and show interest in CSR; secondly, social organizations such as NGOs and the media are Demanding and in favour of CSR. The reasons behind this include: Host government in developing countries: corrupt government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize unlike MTN. Moreover, MTN which originated in a developing country, has a great deal of experience with such governments. Social Organization: MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally while Nestle is since MTN operates only in developing countries while Nestle operates globally. Section two In this section the report answers the following: whether CSR initiatives adopted by both companies increased/decreased over time, and also who was behind the changes and why they occurred. It was found that both companies have increased their CSR initiatives especially in the globalization era for Nestle, and particularly since the 1970s as many social organizations emerged and FDI occurred in that period. Section three The report shows how authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways: some classify them according to the local economic situation; others in a developing countrys context; others classify the social and environmental issues depending on regions. A Ponte et al typology using four approaches (engaged/disengaged, proximate/distant) is applied to the above classifications. An analysis was made with the following results: There are many perspectives which support CSR initiatives and argue that those initiatives are good for business, especially the engaged approaches, and they support their argument with evidence. They are also good for society whether the approaches are engaged or disengaged. At the other end of the spectrum, there are many who do not agree with the benefits brought by CSR initiatives and believe it is bad for business and useless for society. II. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse, compare and contrast the socially responsible approach of two multinational companies (Nestle and MTN). This will be approached in the following order: firstly, a brief description for each company will be provided; secondly, the report will allocate the stakeholders using the stakeholder saliency model for each company showing the similarities and differences. This will be followed by a brief description regarding the changes of CSR approach for both companies and the reasons for these changes. The third section includes a critical analysis of both approaches using Ponte et al typology and two contrasting viewpoints. Finally, a conclusion sums up the findings showing the future of CSR for both companies. III. Brief History with some facts regarding CSR, Nestle  [1]  , It was in the 1860s when a pharmacist Henri Nestle developed a food formula for those infants who experienced problems in breastfeeding. This welcome innovation from Nestle is now sold all over the world (Nestle History, 2009). Some facts about the company include: 1905-to date: Healthy growth in general with some periods of struggle with a lot of mergers and acquisitions, one of the most important being with Movenpick Ice Cream. 1970s-1980s: Heavy attacks from social organizations and individuals for the unethical marketing activities encouraging mothers in the developing world to use its products instead of breastfeeding. (Douglas,1986) 1998 Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles was produced and updated to include the principles of the UN Secretary Generals Global Compact: Labour Standard, Human rights, the Environment (Nestle report, 2001) Creating the Shared Value scheme for a healthier world in the 21st century. (CSV mission, 2009) MTN Group  [2]  , Founded in 1994, MTN Group is a telecommunication company; it services in 21 countries across Africa and the Middle East. (MTN Report 1 and 2, 2009). 2007: MTN was the best tax payer for the year ending 2005/2006 in many African countries.(MTN History, 2007) 2007: Established the Corporate Social Responsibility Foundation. .(MTN History, 2007) 2009: According to management consulting firm Oliver Waymans annual State of the Industry report, MTN achieved the fourth place among the top 60 global performers in terms of its shareholder performance index (SPI) at the end of 2008 with total revenue of 102,526 million rand  [3]  , (MTN Report 1and 2, 2009 ). IV. Section one: Corporate social responsibility: CSR is the commitment by the company to behave ethically with its stakeholders and to fulfil all obligations of minimizing any harm and maximizing the benefits for society, humanity and the environment and that includes commitments by companies to contribute to social development and enhance the standard of peoples lives  [4]  . Stake holder Identification: According to many authors Mercier (1999), Freeman (1984), Donaldson and Preston (1995), stakeholders are usually all those groups or individuals that may affect or be affected by the organizations daily working process, and also include all those who could have shares or interests in the same organization (Cited in Perqueux, 2004.P:6). From the definition given above it could be interpreted that organizations should classify their stakeholders interests and power in a way that brings satisfaction because they will be assessed and evaluated by them in the future, and that what Rossouw and Sison (2006, p41) argued for when they described the corporations as a nation state is that they must be honest with its citizens otherwise they will be overthrown. From the two definitions mentioned above and by using the Stakeholder Saliency Model, this report will now show two things at the same time. The first is to show who stakeholder has the most or least effect in mapping the business activities, and second to what extent this allocated stakeholder is CSR driver for both companies showing the similarities and differences. An explanation for these will be provided. Nestle Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other inter-national institutions e.g. IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder. Dangerous Stakeholder: Governments in developing countries, social organizations, NGOs, media. Demanding Stakeholder: people Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency MTN Power Discretionary Stakeholder: other Inter-national Institutions such as IMF, World Bank Dominant Stakeholder: Government in developing countries Dormant Stakeholder: Shareholders (Minority interest) Demanding Stakeholder: Social organizations, NGOs, media. Dangerous Stakeholder Definitive Stakeholder: Main Shareholders Depending Stakeholder Legitimacy Urgency . The main similarities: Main Shareholders (Definitive Stakeholders with fake CSR ): As they supply the organization with the funds needed to build up capital, thus they have the right to vote, control and change the corporate structure if required, Mantyssari (2005), and that would have a substantial influence in mapping the companys business activities and other activities related to CSR. The following example shows how Nestles first priority is its shareholders and how Nestle manipulates the CSR approach. This happened when it announced the intention to transform Nestle into the worlds leading wellness organization to promote healthy eating by people through providing functional food instead of its ordinary range, spending SFr 2 billion on research and development in 2008. However, many experts point out that there is no substantial evidence that eating functional food makes people healthier. Lausanne and Vevey (The Economist, 2009. p39-95) indicate also to the reasons behind that by showing that in America the growth of functional foods between 2002-2007 was 15.8% a year while ordinary foods was only 2.9% suggesting profit was the main driver nothing else. The same is applicable in MTN regarding definitive shareholders, especially when looking closely at their annual report (2008 p172), showing the percentage of share capital, equal to 25%, was owned only by 8 shareholders, so this group of 8 has the majority portion of power to direct the company activities in the way they prefer, which is making profits. Minority interest Shareholders (Dormant Stakeholders with no effects on CSR): they do not have the enough power to steer the company in the responsible direction nether on its policy IMF, World Bank, WTO (Discretionary Stakeholders with a neutral position regarding CSR): through their regulation and requirements and conditionality they open new routes for investing. However, that does not oblige the MNCs to invest nor to participate in social responsibility initiatives. The main differences: Host governments in developing countries are Dangerous Stakeholders and do not show too much interest in CSR for Nestle, while they are Dominant and show interest in CSR for MTN) Jones (2005, p:9) pointed out that host governments use a lot of subsidies to attract foreign organizations, such as low custom tariffs or free capital movement in order to overcome difficulties (poverty, diseases, deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Applying this to the selected companies: Nestle: this type of stakeholder should be allocated under Dangerous for many reasons. Nestle lacks experience in dealing with developing governments policies. Another reason is that kleptocratic government may find the high-income corporation (Nestle) an enticing opportunity to seize. For example: the BBC announced in December 2002 that Nestle was trying to persuade the Ethiopian government to pay USD 6 million instead of 1.5 million as compensation for nationalizing one of its subsidiaries in Ethiopia. This example shows how the Ethiopian government took possession of Nestlà ©s subsidiary without any previous notice or consultation. MTN: originally from SA, and all of its investments are located in Africa and the ME (developing countries). It has a great deal of experience with such governments so do not need to put it under Dangerous stakeholders unlike Nestle. But even though MTN has put governments under the Dominant category MTN has to comply with the King codes in South Africa  [5]  which include very strict rules regarding CSR initiatives in order be listed in JSE securities exchange and to be accepted by the government and society. (Institute of Directors in South Africa, 2009) Social organizations, NGOs, Media are Dangerous Stakeholders and in favour of CSR for Nestle, while Demanding and in favour of CSR for MTN: Nestle: Because of the nature of the business of Nestle (covering world-wide and working in the field of nutrition), it may be found that a lot of social organizations along with the media always attack it aggressively, especially if they discover the unethical approach of its social responsibility, pushing it to make more and more effort in the field of CSR. For example: the General Synod of the Church of England called for a ban on Nestle and asked Church commissioners to disinvest their GBP 1.1 million in it. Moreover in 1974 the British charity War on Want released a leaflet The Baby Killer criticising Nestle for the bad effects of its marketing strategies in Africa. (Kotler et al. 2009) MTN: However, there are many examples showing MTN has a good reputation among those organizations who praise its efforts to serve the people and bring prosperity to society. For example, South Africa media (South Africa info, 2008) praised MTN when it declared its intention, along with other operators, to establish a fibre network across the Sub Saharan centres in an effort to meet the soaring needs of their subscribers and connect the African continent with the rest of the world. The reason for this approval is because MTN does not have a negative direct impact on peoples lives, unlike Nestle. Also MTN is not recognized globally as Nestle is since it operates only in developing countries. V. Section two: This report will now answer the following question which way is the CSR changing and what are the main causes for this? In 1869 Henri Nestle said: During the first few months, the mothers milk will always be the most natural nutriment, put promoted Nestle products as a substitute. However, in 2007 Nestle stated that Nothing is a substitute for or equivalent or superior to breast milk Kotler et al. (2009). These two statements raise two questions: the first one is Did Nestle admit the guiltiness about its previous promotion?; secondly, If yes, then who was behind it? Actually to answer these questions, we have to consider that through Nestle growth, a lot of pressure and outside forces have pushed the company to change its attitude towards satisfying its stakeholders and make responsible efforts rather than only profit. Blowfield and Murray (2008, p:41-66) claim that the relationship between business and society changed through three eras: the industrial revolution, the mid-twentieth-century welfare state and globalization. Furthermore, through these eras there was a shift in corporate social responsibility, from a theoretical concerned with normative behaviour of the organization, to CSR as management practice, especially in the 1970s. Ackerman and Bauers (1976 cited in Blowfield et al, 2008) argue also that what a company can do to respond to social expectation rather than theoretical ideas of what it should do is what matters. This is reflected in public confidence over the years (see Appendix 1) which suggests public confidence began to incre ase in the late 1970s with a slight decrease in 1991. (Source: Frederick 2006) In relation to the two companies in this study, it may be that Nestle actually took into consideration social responsibility after the harsh boycott in the 1970s when it learnt a lot from that lesson and started to increase its commitment to society and allocated social organizations and media as dangerous stakeholders. MTN is a relatively new company established only in the 1990s, which could be viewed as the globalization era so has a high standard of CSR knowledge (King I, II, III code). Thus, it could be concluded that there was an increase in CSR initiatives owing to greater awareness among stakeholders, especially over the last three decades, and that increase was related directly to globalization and its characteristics such as free trade, rises in FDI in developing countries, soaring demands of the media and the NGOs. VI. Section Three: This section will be divided into three parts: Analysis of the different stakeholders perspective approaches, Depending on the outcome of the first part, the report will use Ponte et al typology to allocate the approach of both companies. A further analysis of these approaches will be conducted using two contrasting viewpoints. Many authors classify the stakeholders perspective in different ways. Some classify them according to the local economic situation such as Cannon (1994) by giving five types of societies which need different reactions from the business to help the economy out of the crisis: the high-stress environment (suffering from long time economic downturn), structurally disadvantaged areas (business in remote areas), the crisis zone, the transitional zone (change of the importance of industry in same area), and the powerhouse industry that used to drive the main local growth and now facing high competition from others. Other authors such as Hamann et al (2005) explore the stakeholders perspective in a developing countrys context when they pointed out some realities to be considered in achieving a successful CSR in South Africa: first, a long history of poverty and inequality: second, the need for effective CSR to destroy the bad image of exploitation and racism created by companies over a long period in those countries; third, the suppression of black economic empowerment which mostly comes from corruption: fourth, the need to enhance social aspects such as human rights and democracy. Others classify the social and environmental issues depending on the regions, showing the different CSR requirements among countries and they emphasise that each region needs its own CSR initiatives. For example, the USA needs to address renewed calls for nuclear power and to deal with air pollution, while some African countries need more concentration in improving the infrastructure and solving the conflicts between tribes and governments (PWC, 2006; Ethical Corporation, 2006 cited in Blowfield Murray,2008) (see appendix 2 for more details). Using the above mentioned methods, now Ponte et al typology can be used to allocate initiative approaches used by Nestle and MTN: Company Engaged CSR activities the factory and farmer scheme in China which has direct impact on company operations since it eliminates the suppliers and at the same time gives the farmers technical support. (Nestle China, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Nestle Nigeria along with the Red Cross started an initiative, an educational programme in 2003 to increase the awareness of HIV among people in Nigeria (Nestle Nigeria, 2009) Distant CSR activities the factory and farmer example in China, because the farmers are not one of Nestlà ©s workforces they are a separate entity and might be paid low prices for their milk supply. (Nestle China, 2009) Proximate CSR activities: Nestle creates job opportunities. It has now more than 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries. (Nestle, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the EcoShape bottle produced by Nestle North America in 2007. This example could be regarded as an engaged activity since it reduces the bad effects on the environment (will reduce the CO2 emission by 356,000 tons within three years) and at the same time it is proximate because it is closely related to the company operations (since it impacts on the environment in the same location as its operations). (Nestle America, 2009) -Engaged CSR activities: the Environmental Management System is one of MTNs policies to reduce the production waste by recycling and encouraging the employees to act socially responsible. (MTN Environmental Policy, 2009) Disengaged CSR initiatives: Arts and Aids awareness educational program for communities, conducted by the MTN foundation and regarded as a totally disengaged scheme carried out by MTN. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Distant CSR activities: No distant CSR initiatives found. -Proximate CSR activities: the Arts and Aids awareness educational program could be regarded as a proximate CSR scheme since MTN originally operated in Africa and the Middle East. (MTN SA foundation, 2009) Engaged and Proximate: the 21 days of Yello care started in 2007. This scheme of 21 days gives the opportunity for MTNs employees to directly engage with the CSR initiatives programme with a prize as a reward at the end of this scheme for the best team. One team was rewarded for building a small pedestrian bridge. (MTN Yello, 2009) Now, the report will analyse the Ponte et al typology mentioned above showing two contrasting viewpoints: In favour of CSR: Good for business when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): Porter and Kramer (2006, p:83) indicate that working in a healthy society will keep the company healthy (health care for the workforce) and also supply it with a competitive advantage (efficient use of resources: water, land) and all of these will be achieved by Integrating Business and Society through CSR activities. Other authors praise the role of CSR in marketing and this could be applied in bringing a bright image to the company and to some extent increase its sales Hardeep and Sharma (2006). For example, Ogrizek (2002) said: There are clear and concrete market-driven benefits and competitive advantages for companies, which integrate their business policies with CSR. In respect of the two companies in question there are a lot of initiative approaches for both companies from their websites which all could be regarded as marketing tools and green sheen attempts (the new brand of Nestle: Nescafe Green blend). Good for society when (Engaged whether Proximate or Distant): advocators of this model argue that governments in the developing countries on their own cannot meet the increasing demands of the society and development requirements and this is actually what Samuel et al (2009.p394) found when they conducted research in Nigeria showing how CSR initiatives being carried out by 22 organizations complement government efforts to build up a stable economy. Furthermore, this perspective is also supported by the neo-liberalism theory in which many authors stress that only business and free markets can sustain the individual rights, society and the environment (Burchell, 1996, Barry et al 1996, Peter and Olssen 2002 cited in Zajda, 2009 p:15). No one could deny that Nestle creates job opportunities for 265,000 employees worldwide from 100 different countries and also that MTN donated about 1.5 Rand million to buy clothes with the help of the Red Cross in South Africa in response to attacks by f oreign nationals in 2008 (MTN SA foundation, 2009). At the economy level, The Economist (1999) emphasized the contribution of MTN as a mobile company in bringing the poor and isolated into the global economy. Opposed to CSR: Bad for business when (Disengaged): advocators for this approach are usually those who argue in favour of shareholder interests and indicate that the main objective of any company is only to maximize the shareholders value and minimize any kind of expense. That becomes very clear when Lawrence (1999) describes how the company should create a value management system in five steps in order to achieve the shareholder value, neglecting any component related to non-profit activities because it just an expense. Also, as mentioned earlier in this report, Mantyssari (2005) describes the shareholders as the heart of the business who supply it with the funds needed for the daily operations, so managers have to keep them satisfied by a high level of yield. Furthermore, some say that CSR is not only waste of money but also it distracts the managers from focusing on their real duties since effective CSR, which is not only a charity cheque, needs special talent and efforts, and that is also emphasized by Porter and Kramer (2006, p:91) when they argue that organizational adjustment that matches good CSR initiatives is what matters more than kind intentions. Useless for society and development (Criticizing all Ponte et al approaches): many protestors criticise the effects caused by MNCs activities all over the world since their negative effects outweigh their CSR initiatives. They think whatever the companies do for the societies is only a green sheen. For instance, Nestle is proud of itself, saying it always provides work opportunities for people, indicated that 97% of their workforces are distributed all over the world The Economist (1997.p153). However, for Corpwatch (2005) the truth is it exploits the workers in an awful manner and Corpwatch complained that 286,000 children work as slaves in the Ivory Coasts cocoa farms (90 hours a week with very low wages) and point out that Nestle is the third largest importer of cocoa from the Ivory Coast. Also it could be argued from bad for business angle as there is general agreement that if CSR is not focused and organized it will often come to nothing or may sometimes have harmful results. VII. Conclusion: From this report, a lot of findings can be drawn by analysing the corporate social responsibility approaches for Nestle and MTN. This report started by showing the importance of the different types of stakeholders that try to steer the companys activities in the way they desire, whether in a business or CSR approach. Using the Stakeholders Saliency Model these stakeholders have been allocated and two major differences were found. The first one is, Governments in developing countries where Nestle operate should be put under Dangerous stakeholder since they lack experience in dealing with such governments and the high-income corporation could also be seen an enticing opportunity to be seized. However, MTN (a low-income company) is the opposite case since it originated in such an environment. The other main difference between them is the danger of social organizations for Nestle such as NGOs and the media since it works globally and works in the field of nutrition, hiring people from po or countries, so may be targeted by such institutions. In contrast, MTN does not have a direct impact on peoples lives and is not recognized globally like Nestle since it operates only in developing countries. The report then analysed and evaluated the CSR approaches for both companies using Ponte et al typology to allocate them in four dimensions, engaged/disengaged, distant/proximate. It was found Nestle and MTN use all of them except for MTN which did not use distant CSR initiatives. The report attempted to answer the question which stakeholders were satisfied and which were not, no matter what type of approach was adopted, by contrasting two points of view (with and against CSR) and arguing them in four different aspects. Through the analysis of the aspect Useless for society, it was found some organizations and institutions are still not satisfied by the CSR initiatives and need deeper indicators, going beyond the basics and taking into account the real influences on the surroundings. Regarding the future of CSR, some authors such as Murray and Blowfield (2008, p:365-369) emphasised that the context analysis such as the mega trends (climate change, demographic change, poverty) will be no less important than simply examining the CSR approaches taken by the company.

Dead Man Walking: The Death Penalty Essay example -- essays research p

I believe that the movie Dead Man Walking impacted my life greatly. It was a very emotional and moving movie. This was an excellent movie because it portrayed the feelings of both the families of the victims and the murder himself. It shows how much pain and suffering the families had to go through with all the sadness and hatred against Matthew Poncelant. The movie also showed how that the families' hatred did not go away after Matthew was executed. The greatest emotional part of the movie was when Matthew confessed that he did kill the teenagers and that he was truly sorry. From there, he was able to at least die with dignity and also he asked the parents of the teenagers for their forgiveness for him. This movie also showed how the death penalty is biased on those who are poor. Matthew's partner in the crime received life in prison because he had a better lawyer while Matthew received the death penalty. As stated in appeals session in the movie, Matthew would not have been sittin g there if he had the money to buy a better lawyer. Instead he had to have a lawyer given to him by the state who had never preformed a murder trial before. I think that Susan Serandan's character was portrayed as a good Samaritan. I believe this because, like Samaritan's back in the time of Jesus, no-one likes to help a murder. Yet she came to his side and was there for him when he needed her. She carried out all his requests even though the parents of the victims' families castrated her and thou...

A Womans Career Path Essays -- Gender Studies

The statistics prove that women are making tremendous strides in achieving careers in a variety of fields that were almost exclusively the domain of men. This much heralded progress, spurred by the feminist movement and the rejection of more traditional and oppressive gender roles, has defied thousands of years of sexual subjugation and has proven that women can succeed at any occupation just as well men. However, as married women with children have moved into the role of (in many cases dominant) wage earner, they have left behind a vacuum where the job of homemaker use to be. In American working class culture there are mounting opposition and obstacles to choosing the job of raising children and taking care of the family. This reversal of conditions, pushing women out of the role they were previously forced into, can also have ill consequences on society. The role of homemaker was naturally placed upon women early in human history, presumably due to the vulnerability of human biology. In other animals, pregnancy and child birth typically does not leave the mother in a state of compromised mobility as is the case in human pregnancy. Our primitive ancestors, sustaining themselves through hunting and gathering, would not likely have placed pregnant women in the role of as strenuous an activity as hunting. The role of rearing children and taking care of the home could then have justifiably been passed on to women. Arguably, the aggressive and dominant nature of the male gender, demonstrated even by modern apes for whom we share the closest biological link, would have been a force practiced by our ancestors to kept women in this role of subservience. In our society, where our biological makeup and physical abilities have very lit... ...age/> Gilbert, Susan. â€Å"Two Studies Link Child Care to Behavior Problems.† The New York Times Online. 16 Jul. 2003. Lu, et al. "Child day care risks of common infectious diseases revisited." Child: Care, Health & Development 30.4 (2004): 361-368. CINAHL with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 17 Apr. 2011. Nelson, Sofia, and Lips, Hilary. â€Å"The Motherhood Penalty: ‘Sequencing Moms’ Pay a Price.† Women’s Media. 15 Dec. 2009 . Warren, Elizabeth. â€Å"Transcript. February 6, 2004.† Interview with Bill Moyers. NOW with Bill Moyers 06 Feb. 2004. Woolf, Virginia. The Death of the Moth and Other Essays â€Å"Professions for Women.† Harcourt Brace & Company, 1942 235-242

John Locke: Human Understanding Essay -- philosophy, knowledge

When considering knowledge, Locke is interested in the ability for us to know something, the capacity of gathering and using information and understanding the limits of what we know. He believes this also leads him to realise what we perhaps, cannot know. [1] He wants to find out about the origin of our ideas. His main stand-point is that we don’t have innate ideas and he aims to get rid of the sceptical doubt about what we know. The innate ideas which Locke sets out to argue against are those which â€Å"the soul receives in its very first being, and brings into the world with it†. [2] â€Å"Let us suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters†. [3] This quote depicts the idea of the â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, that at birth are minds are completely empty like that of a blank slate and it is our experiences which draw on the blank slate, in order to form thoughts and ideas. He has two types of argument against innate ideas; direct and indirect. The indirect argument can be seen as the more positive of the two, and the idea of it is that we are able to explain all knowledge we have without innate ideas but from other sources. The direct argument is the more negative view, and focuses on the problem of universal assent which Locke believes to be an insufficient idea and also necessary and absent. He expands from this by saying that modified universal assent is too inclusive and depends on the order of discovery. So really he is saying that the argument for innate principles doesn’t work, especially with regard to universal assent. He believes that if universal assent existed, it could be explained in other ways and therefore is not innate. However, Locke doesn’t believe that universal assented principles can exist at all and thi... ...t innate epistemic principles – revised December 1996 3. Reading: Ariew & Watkins 270-290 (Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book I Chapters I and II, Book II Chapters I - VIII) 4. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section3.rhtml 5. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section4.rhtml 6. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section4.rhtml 7. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section3.rhtml 8. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section6.rhtml 9. Reading: Ariew & Watkins 270-290 (Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book I Chapters I and II, Book II Chapters I - VIII) 10. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/quotes.html 11. https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/section1.rhtml 12. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/lockeessay/terms.html

Human Cognitive Development Essay

The paper is designed to discuss human cognitive development through the prism of various perspectives. Apriori, developmental psychology is nowadays dominated by Piaget’s views, so the essay provides a detailed examination of his theory, including it basic assumptions, the connection between human physiology and cognitive development and the four stages of progress of cognitive abilities: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Beyond the major focus, the essay also discusses four alternative approaches to cognitive development, including relevant research, conducted by the founders and followers of rational-constructivist, social learning, information-processing and sociocultural perspectives and the differences between traditional Piagetian views and these alternative positions. The author uses three articles from different psychology-oriented journals: â€Å"Personal cognitive development and its implications for teaching and learning† be Ferrari and Mahalingam (1998), â€Å"Commentary on Vygotsky† by Jean Piaget (2000) and the article, written almost immediately after the emergence of Piaget’s stage theory – â€Å"The development of formal operations in logical and moral judgment† by Kuhn, Langer, Kohlberg, and Haan. Developmental psychology is a vast area of knowledge that seeks to explore and explain various aspects of human psychosocial development, including its moral, emotional and cognitive components (Ferrari and Mahalingam, 1998). Cognitive development refers to the development of human intellect, abstractive, critical and creative thinking that provide successful cognition and comprehension of the world of objects. The most prominent and popular theory of human cognitive development was created by Jean Piaget, whose approach to the progress in this context is constructivist, so that the scholar views the construction of cognitive abilities as self-motivated action (Piaget, 2000). As Kuhn et al (1977) assume, â€Å"Piaget’s research methods are based primarily on case studies [they were descriptive]. While some of his ideas are supported through more correlational and experimental methodologies, others are not. For example, Piaget believes that biological development drives the movement from one cognitive stage to the next† (Kuhn et al, 1977, p. 98). Nevertheless, although Piaget’s investigation basically refers to physiology rather than psychology, the scholar manages to link biological and cognitive progress through the description of the transformation of reflexes into formal operations. Initially, he describes two major processes that occur in individual when adapting to the environment: assimilation and accommodation. Both of them condition the complication of their manner of adaptation and therefore determine cognitive development (Piaget, 2000). Accommodation refers to the alteration of cognitive abilities in response to the requirements of the environment for the purpose of gaining something from the surrounding world. Assimilation, in turn, refers to the transformation of the environment with further placing it into preexisting cognitive schemes and constructs (Piaget, 2000). Due to the fact that life situation and the corresponding requirements from the environment tend to complicate through the life course, the individual is forced to respond to complex stimuli and construct hierarchical cognitive structures (for instance, from general to concrete) (Piaget, 2000; Ferrari and Mahalingam, 1998). Piaget distinguishes and describes four stages of cognitive development. Sensorimotor stage, or infancy lasts from the birth to 2 years, has six sub-stages, associated with gradual development of reflexes, focus of vision and coordination in movements. Intelligence is manifested through the progress in motor activity, but the individual uses no social symbols (e. g. language) during this period. The exploration of world is very dynamic, but the related knowledge remains limited because of the weak cognitive abilities. The outcomes of this stage are the emergence of basic creativity or insight (understanding of pictures and language) as well as the progress of symbolic abilities (Piaget, 2000).

The Attic

My task had been set and so with trepidation, I gingerly climbed the ladder that led to the attic. I balanced on the top rung of the ladder and flung open the trap door. The door crashed against the diirt blackened floorboards loudly. The musty smell hit me, as a flurry of the dust cascaded onto my head. I carefully levered myself up onto the floor above me. I looked around the peculiar room to see beckoning shadows on the walls, as daylight tried to filter through a worn curtain, which graced the solitary window in the room. I stumbled forwards in the half-light, my outstretched hands grabbing a low beam to steady myself. The wood felt gritty and cold beneath my fingers and I looked at my hands, which were now blanketed in grime. I walked carefully to the end of the large attic room, and drew back the faded red velvet curtain, which stretched across the tiny window. The light violated the darkness, and dispelled the gloom. The room was now really quite entrancing, the task of cleaning the room, which I had initially perceived to be a horrible chore, had now turned into a beautiful privilege. I gazed at the room that was cluttered with memorabilia of a bygone era. Under the window stood an oval, walnut coffee table. On its dusty and worn surface stood several ornaments. I bent down and carefully picked up a grey figurine. I blew on it and the dust flew away. It was a white porcelain statuette that I now held; it was a delicate figurine of a ballet dancer. The ballerina was with her slender raised arms stood on points and her beauty contrasted with her shabby surroundings. I gently and with reluctance placed her back on the table I looked over the walls. They were painted yellow once, but now they were a dull cream. I walked over to the wall and ran my hand over the rough surface a thick layer of dust lay on my hand. Disgusted, I wiped my hand against my thighs of as I had worn my old jeans. The wall now had a small track of where I had removed the dust, a light yellow contrasted against the tedious cream. I looked up to see the spiders crawl over the beams, they were now the current tenants of this once beautiful place. The webs spread across from one corner of the room to the other. I lowered my eyes and my gaze met a picture that hung askew on the shabby wall. It was a painting of a horse, with a glossy deep brown coat that stared back at me. I looked at the surroundings in the picture, with its familiar red bricks and rose bushes, and I recognised it, as my back garden. I approached the painting to get a better look and screwed into the wooden frame was a brass plaque engraved with ‘High Princess- 1843'. I smiled and diverted my attention the double pushchair that seemed so out of place, as antiques surrounded it. I recalled the days of when I was once sat in the double pushchair with William, my brother. Memories flew back to me, memories of sitting there with ice cream trickling down my chin, as Will and I happily watching the world go by. Now it stood there, the navy blue material paler and worn, the once polished metal now rusted but the memories are as vivid as yesterday. I stood to exit, and the floorboards creaked beneath my feet, footprints left from where I had been inspecting the ornaments that lay in the room. I headed towards the trapdoor to go and inform my parents on what I had found in our now amazing attic. But something caught my eye, a small jewelry box. I was drawn to it; I walked towards it and picked it up. It was an ornately carved rosewood box from India. I opened the box carefully to reveal a green velvet lined interior. Inside laid unusual pieces of jewelry. I held an emerald necklace, the heavy strange jewel amazed me by its rich deep colour. I placed it carefully back down on its velvet cushioning to pick up another piece of jewelry. A ring. A ruby lay in its centre; I love rubies, as they are my birthstone and had to remind myself to ask Dad if I could have it. Once again, I replaced it. I looked out of the small window that lay behind me and saw that the sun was beginning to get low. I had to leave this room, which had intrigued me for hours. I knew I would return and I knew that at my next visit there would be even more revelations awaiting me.

Intertwined Bodies with Separate Hearts Essay

In a world of wild modernity and sophistication, it is almost impossible for man not to connect with a single soul. Be it a friend, a loved one or a lover, these technologies conspire to feed the hunger in all of us and that is the need to be with someone. Others refer to that need as loneliness but the story â€Å"Strangers When We Meet† says its emptiness†¦The relationship of Florence and Rob can be looked at as a typical affair between a married woman who’s bored with her current relationship and a man who seeks adventure. He dazzles her with his youth and passion for life and for a brief moment she’s caught up in a trance of sharing the life that she could have, but chose not to live. That choice rest solely on the truth that her husband was a foundation that offered security. As she said at the end of the story, she equated security and strength to love. She realized in the later part that she was wrong. The fact that Rob is younger than Florence depicts a conventional extramarital affair in our society. However the story goes beyond the cheap pleasures of lust and adventure as it delves deep into the intricacies of emotion and relationship. A relationship can be defined. One can dare as the question â€Å"what kind of relationship? † In the story, Florence and Archie is in a relationship that is recognized by society and back up by the law. A union, a vow, a social contract that’s written on paper and flaunted out to the world. That is marriage. They share a partnership that may seem flawless in society as he was a responsible husband with secure income bounded by law to take care of his wife. Florence herself is a thing of beauty and it is a stereotype in our society that she is to be taken care of by a man who has the means to do so. He is in fact capable of doing just that. He was well aware that he had the woman that most men would fell for, and that’s why though he knew that they had an affair he wanted to see it for himself before he makes judgments. He went with her in the Vacation though he knew that she was to meet her lover. And when he came face to face with the man who stole his wife, he remained composed and even started conversations with him. He exhibited what most men don’t, the decency to be civil to the man who covet their wife (Kureishi). What exist between Florence and Rob on the other hand is a relationship that’s not accepted by society and condemned by law. It ought to be discreetly dealt with to save both parties from public humiliation. The fact that she is a married woman who happens to have a lover may seem offensive to the male supremacy. However, what ought to be looked at is not the act itself but the question on what made her commit such act. Perhaps at the beginning of their affair she simply wants to escape the world that Archie lived in or the lack of attention from her husband who is very much consumed in his work. But at the later part of the story it shows that she is deeply in love with Rob since she is willing to leave everything, even her child if only he says the word. Why did he not say the word? Why did he not take the chance to be with the woman who takes up much space in his heart to the point that he needed a psychologist to deal with his depression? It was a shot at happiness, to have the very thing that he wanted so badly but when it was his for the taking he did not take it. Here lies the complexity of human emotions. Their affair goes beyond the Holiday Vacation. Though the timeline of the story skipped a couple of years before their paths crossed again, it cannot be denied that in each encounter, the dying flame of their affair is fanned once more. A line in the story clearly points out their connection â€Å"Helen (Robs wife) looks across conspicuously. Florence and I are standing close to one another; perhaps one of us touching the other. † Though they were both contented with their lives and stopped seeing each other, both their spouses knew that there is something special between Florence and Rob†¦. perhaps a love story that should have not ended. That Holiday Vacation was of great importance to Florence, Archie and Rob. It was perhaps the climax of their lives. The moment that set the path upon which they will take. They were separate entities brought about in that place to clearly define the relationship that existed in the three of them. It was a chance to change their lives and redefine their connection, but such requires great courage that only Rob had at that time. Florence was, at that moment, scared to let go of the security that she had with Archie. In their marriage she had stability and he had a wife. It was ideal and accepted by society. Before the affair she was contented, but contentment if a far cry from happiness. At the end of the vacation she asked him not to leave, but he chose to do so. This is because man cannot stand the torture of having the woman that you want wrapped in somebody else’s embrace. Rob said that he longed for that vacation since it was the first time that he can have her the entire evening without having her rush home to her husband at dawn. It was a chance to feel that he owned her but that moment never came. It was a chance that she was too scared to take, and now that she wanted him desperately, it was him who chose not to be with her. She wanted him to say that he wants her but he never did just that. Though deep within his soul he knew that she still holds a place in her heart, it was his choice not to give in to that feeling. This proves the fact that in human relationships certain factors are to be taken into considerations before a person makes his decision (Layton-Tholl). Life is made up of choices, and maybe for Rob he already made the choice the moment he left the Hotel. It was to live a life that’s uncomplicated. Though the intensity of their connection cannot be denied, it was by choice that they lived separately. They have fulfilled the human need to connect with someone, they have their spouse. But just like how their affair started, they were just intertwined bodies with separate heart.

Birdwood-fringe 2013 Essay

Birdwood-fringe 2013 consisted of many shows but the one that really caught my eye was â€Å"The Terrible Infants†. The play was cast with previous and current students who attend Birdwood High. Many, if not all have had drama production background, working in school productions and the local theatre group TOTTS (Top of the Torrens) productions. Knowing these students, I expected to be wowed from the start and my expectations were not let down. Right from the start, every character was switched on, working as one, moving as one. They knew where they were meant to be, what they were meant to be doing at every second. Every lights down they knew what props they needed to collect and did it with no noise. Even when one of the props weren’t collected or in their right place each character chipped in without it being noticed by the audience to show/point/grab where the prop was. When the butcher‘s (Courtney Bryant-Leray) apron didn’t go on as planned she still placed it onto her, even though it was on sideways. Ignoring she had it on wrong, she still went on with her lines and actions as though it was meant to be like that only fixing it when the spotlight was on a fellow cast member. The whole play in general was exciting. Using lighting changes e.g. green for the forest (Betrice scene) was very smart. Just changing the lights from amber to green instead of ending the scene, turning the lights off, setting up the scene so it looks like an actual forest would have been time wasting and then at the actual end of the scene having to turn the lights off, put the forest set away then getting the set back to normal would have been an even more waste of time, but instead they changed the set to a tree silhouette whilst the scene was in progress. The atmosphere of the entire play was warming, and enjoyable, making the audience feel welcome, without even saying a word to them. We were always laughing, feeling each and every emotion the cast was portraying, when they had a funny moment, we laughed, we were probably laughing most of the time, except when it came to â€Å"Thingummy Boy† scene. The scene Thingummy Boy was serious, the most intense scene in the whole play. During the play each character was facing the audience, making their moves over exaggerated, they emphasised words that were needed, but in the scene of â€Å"Thingummy Boy† they faced away from the audience, not moving or making a sound. It made the scene, sad, and if it had more of a meaning then the other scenes. When they did turn to speak they had no exaggeration, no emphasis in their words, their faces were blank, no smiles yet no frowns. The scene was the one that impacted the audience the most. Even though the play wasn’t an original that the group wrote themselves, they made it their own, adding lines and taking actions out. They put their own twist in every scene, in every character. It was a unique play, that was shown beautifully.

Business Enivronemnts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Enivronemnts - Essay Example ount of slack or  float  time Fi  available is given by Fi  = Li  - Ei  which is the amount by which we can increase the time taken to complete activity i without changing (increasing) the overall project completion time. Hence, we can form the table below: Activity Li Ei Float Fi A 0 0 0 B 8 4 4 C 9 4 5 D 5 4 1 E 7 4 3 F 4 4 0 G 13 13 0 H 26 26 0 I 34 34 0 J 35 34 1 K 41 41 0 L 49 49 0 M 62 62 0 N 71 71 0 O 75 75 0 P 79 79 0 Q 88 88 0 R 93 93 0 Total Float = 14 (Beasley n.d.). 3) Critical Path and Project Duration: Any activity with a float of zero is critical. Note here that, as a check, all float values should be >= 0. (Beasley n.d.). Hence, the critical path is A-F-G-H-I-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q Total project duration is = 93 days 4) If the project starts on 16/January/2012 with 5 working days in a week and assume that there is no holidays, Total duration of project is 93 days, So we need to calculate the date after 93 working days Assume that 5 working days in a week and there are no holidays. 21/May/2012 will be the date for completion of the project. 5) a) Activity B is delayed 2 days. The delay will have no impact on scheduled path. Activity  has  float  of  4  days  and  can  be delayed for as much as 4 days before any impact can be made on the completion date for the project. b) Activity P is delayed 2 days. Activity is on the critical path with zero float.  A late start of 2 days resulting in an increase in overall project from 93 days to95 days a) Activity 0 is delayed 1 day Delays  succeeding activities by 1 day; overall project extended by 1 day as a result 6) Limitations of Network Diagram: â€Å"Cannot handle all specific problems that arise in each step of the project. Different graphical representations can be made easier in other types of control processes. The... It is evidently clear from the discussion that it is the duty of the project manger to set up the various activities of the development process to deal with the team in an appropriate way. Here Jimaga Ltd is a SME company specializing in the design and supply of promotional brochures. As part of its expansion, Jimaga Ltd has employed me as a consultant to supervise one of their special projects. â€Å"This project is concerned with the opening of a building which they recently acquired (35,000 square metres). This new building will permit the company to target and respond to large global organizations† demands for service. Primarily, the staffing arrangement at the new building will reflect the existing structure at the existing site. The project will become a success only if it meets every condition and terms which are laid out in the prescribed form. This report includes the various activities required to successfully organize the opening up of a new building with the time a nd budget limit. For every organization, there will be a set of team responsible for particular project activities within the organization. A project manager is an expert in the area of project management. The responsibility of the project managers includes the planning, carrying out and finishing of any project, normally relating to telecommunications, manufacture business, computer networking, architecture, Aerospace and Defence or software development.

Should the Canadian Government Use Monetary and Fiscal Policy to Term Paper

Should the Canadian Government Use Monetary and Fiscal Policy to Stabilize the Economy - Term Paper Example The low inflation is desirable for it removes uncertainty in the economy and in the decision making. Low inflation rate is achieved through changes in prime interest rate by central bank of Canada time to time. Bank of Canada has set inflation target of 2 percent to be achieved in 18-24 months period. The current inflation rate is hovering around 3.4 percent. Monetary policy helps achieve this through different measures. By hiking the interest rate, the Bank of Canada would try to bring the inflation rate on its target of around 2 percent. The difficulty arises towards adjusting the size and timings of interest rate and that is where the question of using appropriate monetary policy comes into play. There are always some volatile components in the consumer price index that creates destabilizing effect time to time. For example, in the recent period the biggest volatile component has been crude oil, gasoline or diesel that keeps on fluctuating wildly throughout the year. In fact, that threatens to make the consumer index away from the target. The prices of these commodities cannot be administered by the government in the free market economy. That is where the monetary policy intervention by adjusting the interest rate comes into picture to increase or decrease the consumption to keep the inflation on target. The general price level of all services and goods in the given economy has influence on the money demand and interest rates. Higher price level increases money demand and higher money demand causes higher interest rate. Higher interest rate decreases the demand of quantity of goods and services. Inflation rate relative to the target is the indicator to judge where the demand is in relation to the supply. What Monetary Policy Cannot Influence in Long Run? The monetary policy can influence the other market variables such as investment, real output or unemployment only for short periods of time. It cannot exert influence on these parameters on sustained basis f or a long period of time as it can do on the rate of inflation. As argued by Friedman (1968), this happens because any changes in real wages or unemployment are eventually offset by adjustments of market forces in response to demand-supply dynamics of the market. Automatic Fiscal Stabilizers The automatic stabilizers are equally important. In Canada, employment insurance payouts and various kinds of tax revenues fall in this category. These fiscal stabilizers such as personal income tax deducted by the employer work immediately without any time lag to bring the desired effect but insurance payouts work with some time lag. They are quite effective and helpful in dampening outputs but only partly. Against this, the monetary policy is useful to create a complete offset any change in output but that cannot be achieved immediately; it takes about 12-18 months for an effect to take place. Monetary policy and fiscal policy do not work in isolation. For example, when the government changes fiscal policy, they need to also think that how changes in fiscal policy will bring change in inflation rates. Similarly, the Bank of Canada while changing interest rates also needs to consider the changes in fiscal policy to judge the inflation and demand parameters. Conclusion Thus, the appropriate mix of the monetary and fiscal policies with clear objectives can bring about the desired economic stabilization